First Author:   Guy Yamashiro California State University, Long Beach gyamashi@csulb.edu   Department of Economics, California State University, Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Boulevard Long Beach, 90840, USA   562-985-5054(Phone) 562-985-5054(Fax) Second Author: Iichiro Uesugi Research Institute of Economy, Trade, and Industry uesugi-iichiro@rieti.go.jp   Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry, 1-3-1 Kasumigaseki Chiyoda-ku Tokyo, 100-8901, Japan