First Author:   Robert Taylor Department of Economics, University of Birmingham R.Taylor@bham.ac.uk   Department of Economics, University of Birmingham,, Edgbaston Park Road, Edgbaston Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K.   +44 121 414 6657(Phone) +44 121 414 6657(Fax) Second Author: Stephen Leybourne Department of Economics, University of Nottingham Steve.Leybourne@nottingham.ac.uk   Department of Economics, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK