First Author:   Eric Fina kamani University of Tours - LEO - LéP eric.fina@univ-tours.fr         Second Author: Amadé Nacanabo Virtual University of Burkina Faso - LéP amadenacanabo@gmail.com         Third Author: Olivier Beguy African Development Bank Group (AFDB) O.beguy@afdb.org         Fourth Author: Ibrahima Diouf University of Poitiers - LéP - CIMP ibrahima.diouf@univ-poitiers.fr         Five Author: Gervasio Semedo University of Tours - LEO gervasio.semedo@univ-tours.fr   , France