First Author:   Hideaki Sakawa Graduate School of Economics, Nagoya City University sakawa@econ.nagoya-cu.ac.jp   1 Yamanohata, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku Nagoya, 4678501, Japan   +81-52-872-5724(Phone) +81-52-872-5724(Fax) Second Author: Naoki Watanabel Graduate School of Economics, Nagoya City University naoki-watanabe@econ.nagoya-cu.ac.jp   Nagoya, 4678501, Japan       Third Author: Noriko Tanahashi Faculty of Business Administration, Tohoku Gakuin University tanahashi@mail.tohoku-gakuin.ac.jp   1-3-1 Tsuchitoi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 9808511, Japan