Kizuku Takao Institute of Social Economic Research, Osaka University   6-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, JAPAN Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047 Japan   kizukutakao@gmail.com   http://www.iser.osaka-u.ac.jp/index-e.html           JEL Areas: E6 : Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General O3 : Technological Change; Research and Development: General