Betty Uspri Andalas University   griya permata blok G no 11 kel. Tabing Banda Gadang Nanggalo Padang, West Sumatra 25144 Indonesia   bettyuspri@eb.unand.ac.id             JEL Areas: E5 : Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General I3 : Welfare and Poverty: General