Tomoaki Yamada Meiji University   Kanda-Surugadai 1-1 Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8301 Japan   tyamada@kisc.meiji.ac.jp   http://homepage2.nifty.com/~tyamada/index.html           JEL Areas: E2 : Macroeconomics: Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment: General (includes Measurement and Data) E5 : Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General